Parental psychopathology and socio-economic position predict adolescent offspring’s mental health independently and do not interact. The TRAILS Study.
- 1 University of Groningen, Netherlands;
- 2 University Medical Center Groningen, Deparment of Epidemiology, Netherlands;
- 3 University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands
- Correspondence to: Huibert Burger, Dept of Epidemiology & Dept of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, Groningen, 9700 RB, Netherlands; h.burger{at}epi.umcg.nl
- Received 4 May 2009
- Accepted 4 October 2009
- Published Online First 26 October 2009
Abstract
Background: Familial risk factors have been implicated in the development of mental health problems in adolescents. We investigated whether the associations between parental loading as assessed by lifetime psychopathology and offspring internalising and externalising problems were moderated by family socio-economic position (SEP). Two hypotheses of moderation were tested: 1. the “Social Push” hypothesis in which parental loading effects are stronger in contexts with low environmental risks and 2) the “Vulnerability” hypothesis in which parental loading effects are stronger in high risk environments.
Method: In a population-based sample of 2,149, familial loading and family SEP were assessed at baseline by parent reports. Offspring psychopathology was assessed by reports from multiple informants (parent, self, and teachers). Multiple linear regression was used to assess the independent associations of parental loading and family SEP on offspring psychopathology and their potential interaction.
Results: Both family SEP and familial loading had significant independent main effects on offspring internalising and externalising problems. However, the interaction terms were not significant and did not add any explanatory power to the model.
Conclusions: Lower levels of family SEP appear not to confer additional risks for mental health problems in offspring of parents with high loading on psychopathology. During early adolescence, parental psychopathology and low family SEP seem independent risk factors for offspring mental health problems. Results do not support the social push or vulnerability hypothesis as no evidence of interactions between parental loading and family SEP were found.
