| Percentage Life Satisfaction | WHOQOL-Bref domain 4 (environment) score | |||||||||
| N | Mean | (SD) | Adjusted mean difference* (95% CI) | p Value | N | Mean | (SD) | Adjusted mean difference* (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Age at deployment | ||||||||||
| ⩽20 years | 1369 | 53.01 | (22.41) | 0.00 | 0.031† | 1366 | 14.51 | (2.52) | 0.00 | 0.106† |
| 21–25 years | 3375 | 55.95 | (21.41) | 2.30 (0.73 to 3.88) | 3389 | 14.81 | (2.50) | 0.17 (−0.01 to 0.35) | ||
| 26–30 years | 1030 | 58.41 | (21.31) | 2.94 (0.46 to 5.42) | 1039 | 15.21 | (2.54) | 0.34 (0.06 to 0.63) | ||
| ⩾31 years | 249 | 60.04 | (22.24) | 4.10 (−0.80 to 8.99) | 247 | 15.20 | (2.31) | 0.20 (−0.36 to 0.77) | ||
| Dose–response‡ | – | – | 1.59 (0.42 to 2.76) | 0.008 | – | – | 0.15 (0.01 to 0.28) | 0.030 | ||
| Rank | ||||||||||
| Officer | 443 | 67.31 | (20.40) | 0.000 | <0.001† | 441 | 16.59 | (2.23) | 0.00 | <0.001† |
| NCO | 1128 | 58.54 | (21.40) | −7.80 (−10.48 to −5.12) | 1134 | 15.22 | (2.46) | −1.04 (−1.35 to −0.74) | ||
| Enlisted rank | 4486 | 53.99 | (21.56) | −11.60 (−14.21 to −9.00) | 4503 | 14.54 | (2.47) | −1.61 (−1.90 to −1.31) | ||
| Dose–response‡ | – | – | −5.00 (−6.09 to −3.90) | <0.001 | – | – | −0.70 (−0.83 to −0.58) | <0.001 | ||
| Service branch | ||||||||||
| Navy | 2297 | 56.93 | (21.67) | 0.00 | <0.001† | 2293 | 14.94 | (2.46) | 0.00 | <0.001† |
| Army | 3294 | 54.34 | (21.61) | −2.67 (−3.83 to −1.50) | 3315 | 14.60 | (2.54) | −0.32 (−0.45 to −0.19) | ||
| Air Force | 471 | 60.69 | (22.07) | 3.24 (1.09 to 5.39) | 475 | 15.74 | (2.36) | 0.68 (0.43 to 0.92) | ||
| Total duration of deployment | ||||||||||
| <6 months | 1443 | 56.66 | (22.33) | 0.00 | <0.001† | 1448 | 15.04 | (2.50) | 0.00 | <0.001† |
| 6–<12 months | 2639 | 56.65 | (21.35) | 0.77 (−0.63 to 2.18) | 2643 | 14.89 | (2.48) | −0.03 (−0.19 to 0.13) | ||
| ⩾12 months | 1963 | 54.07 | (21.71) | −1.91 (−3.40 to −0.42) | 1975 | 14.56 | (2.55) | −0.35 (−0.52 to −0.18) | ||
| Dose–response‡ | – | – | –1.08 (–1.82 to –0.34) | 0.004 | – | – | –0.19 (–0.27 to –0.10) | <0.001 | ||
| Era first deployed | ||||||||||
| Mobile phase | 1005 | 55.34 | (22.52) | 0.00 | <0.001† | 1008 | 14.89 | (2.58) | 0.00 | 0.001† |
| Static phase | 3197 | 55.18 | (21.86) | 0.52 (–1.05 to 2.09) | 3209 | 14.72 | (2.57) | –0.09 (–0.27 to 0.09) | ||
| After armistice | 1853 | 57.20 | (21.07) | 3.44 (1.66 to 5.22) | 1859 | 14.96 | (2.38) | 0.20 (0.001 to 0.41) | ||
| Wounded in action | ||||||||||
| No | 5132 | 56.76 | (21.62) | 0.00 | <0.001† | 5145 | 14.96 | (2.48) | 0.00 | <0.001† |
| Yes, evacuation type 1 or 2 | 429 | 51.05 | (21.36) | –4.53 (–6.68 to –2.38) | 433 | 14.13 | (2.66) | –0.68 (–0.92 to –0.43) | ||
| Yes, evacuation type 3 or 4 | 403 | 49.50 | (21.38) | –6.04 (–8.27 to –3.81) | 406 | 13.98 | (2.47) | –0.78 (–1.04 to –0.53) | ||
| Dose–response‡ | – | – | –3.29 (–4.33 to –2.26) | <0.001 | – | – | –0.44 (–0.56 to –0.33) | <0.001 | ||
| CES score category | ||||||||||
| No combat | 1111 | 61.30 | (19.46) | 0.00 | <0.001† | 1115 | 15.51 | (2.29) | 0.00 | <0.001† |
| Light | 1610 | 58.61 | (21.45) | –2.89 (–4.50 to –1.28) | 1608 | 15.15 | (2.36) | –0.39 (–0.57 to –0.20) | ||
| Light–moderate | 913 | 54.60 | (21.73) | –6.72 (–8.57 to –4.86) | 912 | 14.80 | (2.47) | –0.66 (–0.87 to –0.45) | ||
| Moderate | 963 | 53.57 | (21.61) | –7.28 (–9.16 to –5.41) | 969 | 14.51 | (2.61) | –0.88 (–1.09 to –0.67) | ||
| Moderate–heavy | 486 | 50.89 | (21.99) | –9.89 (–12.21 to –7.56) | 492 | 14.32 | (2.74) | –1.06 (–1.33 to –0.80) | ||
| Heavy | 148 | 46.17 | (23.50) | –14.64 (–18.30 to –10.98) | 148 | 13.59 | (2.80) | –1.80 (–2.21 to –1.38) | ||
| Dose–response‡ | – | – | –2.72 (–3.03 to –2.13) | <0.001 | – | – | –0.29 (–0.34 to −0.24) | <0.001 | ||
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NCO, non-commissioned officer.
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*These mean differences and their associated 95% CI and p values, for all dependent measures except wounded in action and CES score, are adjusted for age (65–69 years; 70–74 years; 75–79 years; 80–84 years; 85+ years), education (primary; any secondary up to grade 10; grades 11, 12 or certificate; diploma or university), marital status (married or de facto; widowered; divorced or separated; single, never married) and country of birth (Australia; other). Results for the dependent measures wounded in action and CES score include additional adjustment for rank in Korea (officer; non-commissioned officer; enlisted rank) and service branch (Navy, Army, Air Force).
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†These p values assess whether any adjusted mean difference within each exposure variable differs from zero.
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‡Dose–response per categorical change in this deployment characteristic.
