Table 1 Levels and types of interventions to improve health*
| Societal (population) level | Individual level | |
| Physical environment | Environmental planning, monitoring, regulation | Responsible use of environmental resources |
| Social environment | Public advocacy, community mobilisation | Promotion of solidarity |
| Health services environment | Resource mobilisation/deployment | Early recognition of problems regardless of their genesis |
| Information systems: collection, analysis and dissemination for early identification of problems and iatrogenesis | ||
| Personal environment | Genetic engineering | Responsible stewardship of one’s health |
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*Locus of responsibility may vary from one jurisdiction to another but must be explicit and with accountability.
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Source: Sheridan et al.38
