Association of low blood pressure with anxiety and depression: the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study
- Bjørn Hildrum1,
- Arnstein Mykletun2,
- Eystein Stordal1,
- Ingvar Bjelland3,
- Alv A Dahl4,
- Jostein Holmen5
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Namsos, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Namsos, Norway
- 2Research Centre for Health Promotion, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- 3Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- 4Department of Clinical Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Trust, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- 5HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Verdal, Norway
- Correspondence to: B Hildrum Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Namsos, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7800 Namsos, Norway;bjorn.hildrum{at}hnt.no
- Accepted 8 April 2006
Abstract
Background: Low blood pressure has mainly been regarded as ideal, but recent studies have indicated an association with depression in elderly people.
Objective: To investigate whether low blood pressure is associated with anxiety and depression in the general population.
Design: Cross-sectional study.
Setting: Participants in the population-based Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT-2, 1995–7), Norway.
Participants: 60 799 men and women aged 20–89 years filled in the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale as part of a general health study. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was classified in age-stratified and sex-stratified centile groups.
Main results: Compared with participants with systolic blood pressure within the 41–60 centile (reference) group, the odds ratio for anxiety was 1.31 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.16 to 1.49), for depression 1.22 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.46), and for comorbid anxiety and depression 1.44 (95% CI 1.24 to 1.68) in the group with ≤5 centile systolic blood pressure. Slightly weaker associations were found of low diastolic blood pressure with anxiety and depression. These associations were similar across sex and age groups. Physical impairment, smoking and angina pectoris influenced the associations only marginally, whereas stroke, myocardial infarction, use of drugs for hypertension, body mass index and several other covariates had no influence.
Conclusions: This study represents epidemiological evidence for an association of low blood pressure with anxiety and depression, which is not caused by cardiovascular disease.
- DSM, Diagnostc and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- GAM, generalised additive model
- HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
- HUNT Study, Nord-Trøndelag Health Study
Footnotes
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Funding: BH holds a research fellow grant from Health Mid-Norway Regional Trust.
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Competing interests: None.
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The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study is a collaboration between the HUNT Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, at Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Verdal, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, and the Nord-Trøndelag County Council.
