Table 4
Multivariate analysis logistic regression of personal barriers and social support variables on meeting of US recommendations for physical activity among urban, suburban, and rural adults with higher and lower income levels*
| Urban | Suburban | Rural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Higher | Lower | Higher | Lower | Higher | |
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
| *Adjusted for age, race, education, and gender. †Reference is reporting no personal barriers. | ||||||
| Personal barriers† | ||||||
| Others discourage | 1.06 (0.43 to 2.61) | 1.22 (0.46 to 3.25) | – – | 0.22 (0.02 to 3.26) | 1.46 (0.39 to 5.50) | 0.83 (0.11 to 6.31) |
| Self conscious about looks | 1.36 (0.72 to 2.59) | 1.24 (0.66 to 2.32) | 2.42 (0.37 to 15.78) | 0.58 (0.20 to 1.66) | 1.35 (0.58 to 3.14) | 0.39 (0.15 to 1.02) |
| Afraid of injury | 0.58 (0.29 to 1.17) | 0.92 (0.41 to 2.09) | 0.87 (0.14 to 5.52) | 1.28 (0.20 to 8.33) | 0.85 (0.31 to 2.38) | 0.24 (0.05 to 1.21) |
| Don’t have time | 0.71 (0.40 to 1.26) | 0.42 (0.27 to 0.66) | 0.89 (0.28 to 2.80) | 0.54 (0.23 to 1.25) | 1.89 (0.89 to 4.03) | 0.47 (0.24 to 0.91) |
| Too tired | 1.19 (0.67 to 2.12) | 0.34 (0.21 to 0.56) | 0.73 (0.21 to 2.56) | 0.65 (0.26 to 1.62) | 0.41 (0.16 to 1.07) | 0.38 (0.19 to 0.77) |
| No safe place | 0.75 (0.35 to 1.59) | 0.48 (0.21 to 1.10) | 0.60 (0.09 to 4.03) | 0.53 (0.10 to 2.93) | 0.87 (0.31 to 2.54) | 1.53 (0.49 to 4.78) |
| No child care | 0.67 (0.28 to 1.60) | 1.72 (0.64 to 4.58) | 1.08 (0.13 to 8.85) | 0.82 (0.04 to 16.27) | 1.03 (0.26 to 4.11) | 1.45 (0.25 to 8.40) |
| Bad weather | 1.09 (0.46 to 2.59) | 0.86 (0.43 to 1.71) | 0.57 (0.11 to 2.93) | 0.18 (0.03 to 1.03) | 1.69 (0.56 to 5.13) | 0.93 (0.31 to 2.79) |
| Not in good health | 0.70 (0.34 to 1.45) | 0.47 (0.21 to 1.06) | 0.53 (0.13 to 2.08) | 0.92 (0.17 to 4.87) | 0.54 (0.24 to 1.22) | 0.28 (0.10 to 0.85) |
| No energy | 0.79 (0.40 to 1.57) | 0.29 (0.14 to 0.58) | 0.64 (0.18 to 2.25) | 0.72 (0.23 to 2.20) | 0.66 (0.26 to 1.71) | 0.20 (0.07 to 0.54) |
| Get exercise at work | 1.44 (0.84 to 2.47) | 1.00 (0.63 to 1.58) | 2.37 (0.81 to 6.93) | 2.05 (0.79 to 5.32) | 1.38 (0.61 to 3.11) | 1.69 (0.89 to 3.22) |
| No motivation | 1.42 (0.73 to 2.75) | 0.29 (0.17 to 0.51) | 0.64 (0.20 to 2.10) | 0.62 (0.25 to 1.54) | 0.72 (0.28 to 1.83) | 0.45 (0.20 to 1.00) |
| Do not like to exercise | 1.06 (0.53 to 2.13) | 0.38 (0.22 to 0.67) | 0.92 (0.22 to 3.91) | 0.87 (0.34 to 2.22) | 1.04 (0.35 to 3.14) | 0.30 (0.12 to 0.74) |
| Sum of barriers | ||||||
| 0 barriers (ref) | 1.00 – | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1 barriers | 0.62 (0.34 to 1.14) | 0.66 (0.40 to 1.10) | 0.40 (0.11 to 1.47) | 1.48 (0.52 to 4.21) | 1.30 (0.59 to 2.89) | 0.52 (0.24 to 1.1) |
| 2 barriers | 0.72 (0.34 to 1.51) | 0.30 (0.17 to 0.55) | 4.13 (0.87 to 19.48) | 1.04 (0.30 to 3.66) | 1.20 (0.49 to 2.94) | 0.35 (0.14 to 0.8) |
| 3 barriers | 0.46 (0.22 to 0.99) | 0.34 (0.16 to 0.72) | 1.38 (0.25 to 7.69) | 1.68 (0.24 to 12.03) | 1.37 (0.51 to 3.70) | 0.31 (0.11 to 0.8) |
| 4 barriers | 0.42 (0.13 to 1.37) | 0.29 (0.13 to 0.65) | 0.47 (0.08 to 2.76) | 0.42 (0.11 to 1.66) | 0.34 (0.07 to 1.77) | 0.51 (0.17 to 1.55) |
| Social support | ||||||
| Friends encourage exercise | 1.14 (0.73 to 1.79) | 1.13 (0.77 to 1.67) | 2.72 (0.97 to 7.64) | 1.62 (0.72 to 3.66) | 1.34 (0.73 to 2.46) | 1.20 (0.67 to 2.1) |
| Friends exercise with | 1.83 (1.12 to 2.99) | 1.00 (0.65 to 1.55) | 4.39 (1.32 to 14.56) | 1.99 (0.81 to 4.87) | 1.16 (0.61 to 2.19) | 1.96 (1.05 to 3.6) |
| Relatives encourage exercise | 1.19 (0.76 to 1.86) | 0.79 (0.52 to 1.18) | 1.41 (0.53 to 3.75) | 2.33 (1.03 to 5.28) | 1.47 (0.78 to 2.77) | 0.68 (0.37 to 1.2) |
| Relatives exercise with | 1.03 (0.65 to 1.63) | 1.39 (0.93 to 2.06) | 1.92 (0.72 to 5.12) | 1.90 (0.83 to 4.35) | 1.07 (0.57 to 2.01) | 1.00 (0.55 to 1.80) |
