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Back to back housing, courts, and privies: the slums of 19th century England
Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Professor J R Ashton
North West Public Health Team, Department of Health, 18th Floor, Sunley Tower, Piccadilly Plaza, Manchester M1 4BE, UK; johnrashton@blueyonder.co.uk
| The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. |
The industrial revolution in England had by the beginning of the 19th century led to what we would now call rapid urbanisation. Push factors from the rural areas (poverty, disease, changes in agriculture, displacement of peasant farmers) and pull factors from the cities (industrialisation and the growth of Empire) led to huge urban growth in places like Liverpool, Manchester, York, and Birmingham. The result of all these processes in places like Liverpool was the growth of slums and parishes of enormous density.
Housing like these back to backs and courts in Liverpool were typical when in the 1830s Liverpool’s first medical officer of health, William Henry Duncan carried out a survey of sanitary conditions while still working as a local general practitioner. He found that a third of the population lived in the cellars of these houses, which had earth floors and no ventilation or sanitation, and as many as
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J Epidemiol Community Health 2006 60: 649.[Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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